Conditions We Treat

Paediatric Dermatology

At Livingstone Dermatology, we understand that your skin is a reflection of your health and well-being. We are committed to the latest advancements in dermatological science, and dedicated to providing you with quality care.

Birthmarks are common distinct marks that can appear anywhere on the body, often present at or after birth.

What are birthmarks?

Birthmarks are coloured spots on the skin that are typically present at birth or develop shortly afterward. These skin markings can range in colour, size, and shape. Some birthmarks are subtle; others may be more noticeable and distinct. Although most birthmarks are harmless, understanding their characteristics can help determine if a birthmark requires closer attention from a licensed and qualified dermatologist.

What causes birthmarks?

Birthmarks are caused by an excess of cells [1] or blood vessels in the skin. They appear when certain pigments or cells cluster in specific areas, giving the skin a distinct colour or texture. There are two main types of birthmarks, which are:

  • Vascular birthmarks: birthmarks that are formed due to abnormal blood vessels.
  • Pigmented birthmarks: birthmarks that are formed due to an excess of pigment cells in the skin.


Although the exact causes why these clusters of cells are formed are unknown, it is widely believed that genetics [2] and certain prenatal factors do play a role.

Birthmarks are categorised based on how they are formed.

Types of birthmarks

Vascular birthmarks are often red, pink, or purple in colour, with the following characteristics:

  • Cavernous hemangiomas – cavernous hemangiomas are larger, deeper, and can have a bluish colour due to the blood vessels located beneath the skin’s surface. They are generally soft to touch and may shrink as a child grows.
  • Strawberry hemangiomas – strawberry hemangiomas, or commonly known as infantile hemangiomas, are typically raised red and often have a bumpy appearance. They usually appear soon after birth and can grow rapidly in the first few months before gradually fading over time.
  • Salmon patches – salmon patches, also known as stork bites or angel kisses, are flat and pink in appearance and are often located on the forehead, eyelids, or back of the neck. Similar to cavernous hemangiomas, they often fade as a child grows.
  • Port-wine stain – port-wine stain birthmarks are flat and pink, red, or purple in colour. Unlike other vascular birthmarks, port-wine stains do not fade over time. They are caused by an abnormal capillary network under the skin.

Meanwhile, pigmented birthmarks are the result of excess pigment cells, giving the skin darker patches or spots, such as:

  • Congenital nevi – congenital nevi are large moles present at birth and may vary in colour and size. Due to these characteristics, congenital nevi have a slightly higher risk of developing into melanoma [3].
  • Dermal melanocytosis – dermal melanocytosis, also known as Mongolian spots, are blue or grey patches that are often seen in people with darker skin tones. They are usually located on the lower back or buttocks. However, they tend to fade as the child gets older.
  • Pigmented nevi – pigmented nevi, or better known as moles, are brown or black in colour. They can either appear flat or raised, depending on how these abnormal clusters of cells are formed, and can develop anywhere on the body.
    • Café-au-lait spots – café-au-lait spots are light brown flat spots that appear on the skin. Due to their colour, they look similar to coffee with milk, hence the name. While one or two spots are generally harmless, multiple spots may be indicative of certain genetic conditions.

When should I be worried about a birthmark?

Although most birthmarks are harmless, and pose no medical concern, some may require closer observation as they can occasionally signal underlying health issues, such as skin cancer. In fact, some of the signs that warrant medical advice from a licensed dermatologist include:

  • Irregular Borders — edges that appear uneven, blurred, or asymmetrical.

  • Colour Changes — a birthmark that darkens, becomes multi-coloured, or appears red, and inflamed.

  • Itching or Pain a birthmark that becomes itchy, tender, or painful to touch.

  • Rapid Growth — a birthmark that suddenly grows in size, or changes shape.

  • Texture Alterations — development of lumps, crusting, bleeding, or ulceration on the birthmark.

It is important to note that certain birthmarks, such as large congenital melanocytic naevi, may carry a slightly higher risk of melanoma, which is a type of skin cancer. While the risk is still relatively low, it is crucial to monitor these birthmarks regularly. Additionally, pigmented birthmarks that appear uneven in colour, or texture can sometimes mimic melanoma. Should you have any concerns, please consult a doctor for peace of mind. 

Vascular birthmarks, like port-wine stains, on the other hand, are generally non-cancerous but should still be assessed for complications, particularly if they involve sensitive areas like the eyes.

Can birthmarks be removed?

While many birthmarks are harmless and do not require treatment, some people choose to reduce or remove them due to cosmetic reasons or health concerns. The treatment options vary depending on the type, size, and location of the birthmark.

Generally, birthmarks are often treated with topical treatments or dermatological procedures.

Topical treatments for birthmarks

  • Lightening creams – Certain creams may help lighten pigmented birthmarks. But these treatments are more effective for smaller or lighter-coloured spots.
  • Steroid creams – Steroid creams can help reduce the size and colour of hemangiomas. However, the results may vary depending on how your skin responds to the steroid creams.

Dermatological procedures for birthmarks

  • Cryotherapy – Cryotherapy is performed by freezing the birthmark with liquid nitrogen. Although it does help in reducing its size or prominence, this treatment is often used for small and raised pigmented spots.
  • Laser therapy – Laser treatments, especially pulse-dye lasers, can effectively reduce or remove vascular birthmarks, such as port-wine stains and hemangiomas. It works by targeting blood vessels beneath the skin, thereby reducing redness over multiple sessions.
  • Surgical removal – Larger or raised birthmarks, such as congenital nevi, may be surgically removed if there are health risks or for aesthetic reasons.
Laser therapy is one of the most common ways to remove or reduce the appearance of birthmarks.

Summary

Most birthmarks are typically present at birth or appear shortly afterward and are not influenced by lifestyle or environmental factors.

However, it is important to note that monitoring your birthmarks and protecting your skin from excessive sun exposure can help reduce the risk of complications. In fact, if you notice any changes in your birthmarks, it is highly encouraged to have them examined by a licensed and qualified dermatologist.

At Livingstone Dermatology, we strive to offer top-quality services while prioritising our clients’ comfort. Get in touch with us today to schedule an appointment and have access to a personalised treatment plan to achieve your hair and skin goals.

Frequently Asked Questions

How common are birthmarks?

Birthmarks are quite common, with approximately 1 in 10 babies born with some type of birthmark.

Yes, it is possible. While true birthmarks are present from birth, similar spots, such as moles or other pigmented marks, can develop later in life. This is especially true if you are frequently exposed to excessive UV rays.

Most birthmarks are harmless. However, larger or atypical birthmarks may carry a small risk of complications, such as ulceration or bleeding, especially if they are located in high-friction areas.

The risk of birthmarks becoming cancerous is generally low. Be that as it may, congenital nevi and certain large, pigmented birthmarks may have a slightly higher chance of becoming cancerous. In such instances, routine monitoring by a dermatologist is often recommended to guarantee timely intervention and a more positive post-treatment outcome.

Side effects can vary depending on the treatment option. While these side effects range from mild redness to swelling to scarring, it is highly rare. During a pre-treatment consultation, our dermatologist will inform you of any potential side effects and expected outcomes to ensure you are well informed.

Birthmarks are often present at or shortly after birth. On the other hand, keloid scats are raised bumps that are formed after skin injury, while moles are dark spots that can appear at any age.

If you are uncertain about the beauty marks on your skin or would like to have it thoroughly examined, then we strongly encourage you to book a consultation with our dermatologist.

Some of the symptoms that you should pay attention to include:

  • Bleeding
  • Changes in appearance such as colour, size, and shape
  • Itching
  • Pain

References

  1. Felman, A. (2019). Birthmarks: Causes, types, and treatments. In www.medicalnewstoday.com. https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/174886
  2. Mahajan, P., Bergstrom, K. L., Phung, T. L., & Metry, D. W. (2022). The genetics of vascular birthmarks. In Clinics in Dermatology (Vol. 40, Issue 4, pp. 313–321). Elsevier BV. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clindermatol.2022.02.006
  3. Belysheva, T. S., Vishnevskaya, Y. V., Nasedkina, T. V., Emelyanova, M. A., Abramov, I. S., Orlova, K. V., Lubchenko, L. N., Utyashev, I. A., Doroshenko, M. B., Demidov, L. V., & Aliev, M. D. (2019). Melanoma arising in a Giant congenital melanocytic nevus: two case reports. In Diagnostic Pathology (Vol. 14, Issue 1). Springer Science and Business Media LLC. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13000-019-0797-1

Ready to take the first step towards understanding and managing birthmarks in your child?

Schedule a consultation with Livingstone Dermatology today.

Expert Care for Pediatric Eczema: Finding Relief for Young Skin

Livingstone Dermatology specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of eczema in pediatric patients. Our experienced dermatologist offers expert care to help parents and guardians understand and manage this common skin condition in children.

Understanding Pediatric Eczema

Pediatric eczema, also known as atopic dermatitis, is a chronic skin condition that causes dry, itchy, and inflamed patches on the skin. It often appears in early childhood and can persist into adulthood.

Common Triggers and Causes

Eczema can be triggered or exacerbated by a variety of factors, including:

  1. Genetics: Eczema often runs in families, indicating a genetic predisposition.
  2. Environmental Allergens: Allergens like dust mites, pollen, or pet dander can contribute to flare-ups.
  3. Irritants: Harsh soaps, detergents, or fabrics can irritate sensitive skin.
  4. Weather Changes: Dry or humid conditions can impact skin hydration.
  5. Stress: Emotional stress can trigger or worsen eczema symptoms.

Treatment Options for Pediatric Eczema

  1. Emollients (Moisturizers): Regular application of fragrance-free, hypoallergenic moisturizers is crucial in managing eczema.
  2. Topical Corticosteroids: These anti-inflammatory creams or ointments are used to reduce redness and itching during flare-ups.
  3. Topical Calcineurin Inhibitors: These ointments can help control inflammation and are suitable for sensitive areas.
  4. Antihistamines: Oral antihistamines may be prescribed to help alleviate itching and improve sleep.
  5. Wet Wrap Therapy: This involves applying moisturizer and wet bandages to the affected areas to increase hydration.
  6. Identifying and Avoiding Triggers: Our dermatologists work with parents and guardians to identify and minimize exposure to triggers.

Education and Support for Parents

Our dermatologist provides comprehensive education on managing pediatric eczema, including proper skincare routines and advice on creating a comfortable environment for children with sensitive skin.

Your Partner in Pediatric Eczema Care

At Livingstone Dermatology, we understand the impact eczema can have on the daily lives of children and their families. Our experienced dermatologist is dedicated to providing expert care and support, helping you find relief and improve the quality of life for your child.

Ready to take the first step towards managing
pediatric eczema?

Schedule a consultation with Livingstone Dermatology today.

Expert Care for Paediatric Hair and Nail Conditions: Promoting Healthy Growth

Livingstone Dermatology specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of hair and nail disorders in paediatric patients. Our experienced dermatologist offers expert care to help parents and guardians understand and manage these common conditions in children.

Common Hair Disorders

Alopecia Areata

This autoimmune condition leads to hair loss in small, round patches on the scalp or other areas of the body.

Tinea Capitis (Scalp Ringworm)

This fungal infection can cause hair loss and is characterized by scaly, itchy patches on the scalp.

Trichotillomania

This is a compulsive behavior where a child pulls out their own hair, often resulting in noticeable patches of hair loss.

Common Nail Disorders

Onychomycosis (Nail Fungus)

This fungal infection can lead to changes in nail color, texture, and shape.

Ingrown Nails

When the edge of a nail grows into the surrounding skin, it can cause pain, redness, and swelling.

Nail Psoriasis

Psoriasis can affect the nails, causing changes in color, texture, and shape.

Treatment Options for Hair and Nail Disorders

  1. Topical Treatments: Antifungal creams or ointments may be prescribed for nail fungal infections.
  2. Oral Medications: In some cases, oral antifungal medications may be recommended for severe nail fungus.
  3. Corticosteroid Creams: These may be used to treat conditions like alopecia areata.
  4. Behavioral Therapy: For trichotillomania, behavioral interventions can be effective in reducing hair-pulling behavior.
  5. Surgical Interventions: In cases of severe ingrown nails, a minor surgical procedure may be required.

Education and Support for Parents

Our dermatology clinic provides comprehensive education on managing hair and nail disorders in paediatric patients, including proper grooming practices and advice on creating a healthy environment for growing hair and nails.

Your Partner in Paediatric Hair and Nail Care

At Livingstone Dermatology, we understand the impact hair and nail disorders can have on the well-being of children and their families. Our clinic is dedicated to providing expert care and support, helping you promote healthy hair and nail growth in your child.

Ready to take the first step towards managing hair and nail conditions in paediatrics?

Schedule a consultation with Livingstone Dermatology today.

It is normal for parents to be concerned about newborn rashes. However, many of these rashes are harmless and improve on their own.

These skin conditions can appear within the first weeks of life, and can last anywhere between several weeks to months, depending on the diagnosis. It is important to understand these common skin conditions and how to effectively treat and manage them.

What are newborn rashes?

Newborn rashes are skin changes that appear on a baby’s delicate skin. These can manifest as red patches, bumps, or dry areas, appearing suddenly after a few days following the baby’s birth, or gradually over time.

Newborn rashes can occur on various parts of the body, including:

  • Armpits
  • Back
  • Cheeks
  • Chest
  • Diaper area
  • Face
  • Forehead
  • Folds, like the neck, behind the elbows, and knees
  • Scalp

Types of newborn rashes

When it comes to newborn rashes, each rash varies in appearance, cause, and treatments. Some of the common types of newborn rashes include:

  • Baby acne: baby acne often appears as small red, or white bumps on the cheeks, chin, and forehead. These bumps typically clear up on their own within a few weeks.
  • Diaper rash: diaper rashes are red, inflamed skin on the diaper area that are occasionally accompanied by small bumps, or peeling skin. It is often due to excess moisture, friction, or certain irritants or allergens.
  • Cradle cap: cradle caps are yellowish, greasy, and scaly patches that occur on the scalp. Although they usually resolve without treatment, provided it is managed with gentle cleansing.
  • Heat rash: heat rashes are tiny red bumps that form on the neck, back, or folds of the skin due to blocked sweat glands.
  • Eczema: eczemas are dry, and itchy patches that can appear on the face, arms, and legs. However, it is more common among newborns with a family history of allergies, or asthma.
  • Erythema toxicum rash: erythema toxicum rashes are the most common yet harmless newborn rash, characterised by red blotches that may have a white, or yellow centre. These rashes often resolve naturally without treatment.
  • Milia: milia are small white bumps that are often developed on the nose, cheeks, or chin. They are caused by trapped skin flakes, and usually clear up within a few weeks.
  • Hives: hives are raised, itchy welts that can appear anywhere on the body due to an allergic reaction, or infection.
  • Transient neonatal pustular melanosis: transient neonatal pustular melanosis are pustules that burst, and leave dark spots, primarily seen in babies with darker skin tones. However, they often resolve on their own without treatment.
Cradle cap is a common type of newborn rash that occurs when the newborn’s sebaceous gland produces too much oil.

What causes newborn rash?

Newborn rashes can be triggered by a multitude of factors, often relating to a baby’s sensitive skin, and developing immune system. While many rashes are harmless, and resolve on their own, understanding the potential causes can help parents manage, and prevent flare-ups. Additionally, it also aids parents in determining when these rashes warrant a medical examination.

Some of the potential causes of newborn rashes are:

  • Genetic predisposition: certain skin conditions like eczema may have a genetic component. Babies with a family history of eczema, asthma, or allergies are more prone to developing atopic dermatitis.
  • Hormonal changes: babies can develop rashes due to hormonal fluctuations after birth. For example, baby acne is believed to be caused by maternal hormones passed to the baby during pregnancy, leading to temporary overstimulation of the baby’s sebaceous glands.
  • Immature skin barrier: newborn skin is delicate, and not fully developed, making it prone to infection, and inflammation. The skin barrier is thinner compared to adults, thereby allowing irritants (such as harsh detergents, and soaps), bacteria, and allergens to penetrate more easily. This subsequently leads to rashes.
  • Overactive immune response: a newborn’s immune system is still adjusting to the external environment. As a result, the immune system may overreact to harmless substance, resulting in rashes such as hives, and erythema toxicum.
  • Microbial infections: newborns have an underdeveloped mircrobiome, making them more susceptible to infection-induced rashes, such as cradle cap, diaper rash, and transient neonatal pustular melanosis.
  • Heat, and friction: newborns can easily become overheated due to their underdeveloped, or blocked sweat glands, leading to heat rash. In fact, areas where skin rubs against skin, such as the neck, or armpits, are more prone to irritation, and rashes.

What are the symptoms of newborn rash?

The symptoms of newborn rashes vary depending on the type, with the high possibility of overlapping. Below are some of the common symptoms that parents should be mindful of:

Baby acne

Baby acne usually develops within the first few weeks after birth, while exhibiting the following symptoms:

  • Red, and white raised bumps on the cheeks, forehead, or nose.
  • Mild redness around the bumps.
  • No itching, or pain associated with the bumps.

Diaper rash

Diaper rashes are fairly common, and exhibit the following symptoms:

  • Red, inflamed patches on the buttocks, thighs, and genital area.
  • Dry, scaly, or shiny appearance.
  • Raised red bumps, or blisters (severe cases).
  • Discomfort, especially during diaper changes, or delayed diaper changes.

Tip: To avoid diaper rashes, allow the diaper to breathe as much as possible and change the diapers promptly once they’re wet. After cleansing the affected area with a warm cloth, apply a zinc oxide cream to protect the skin and has mild antiseptic and anti-inflammatory effects.

Cradle cap

Cradle cap is a non-contagious skin condition that is linked to an overproduction of oil in your baby’s scalp. A newborn is most likely to have cradle cap if she or he has the symptoms below:

  • Yellowish, greasy scales, or crusts on the scalp.
  • Flaky patches that may extend to the ears, eyebrows, or nose.
  • Does not cause discomfort, or itchiness.

Tip: Use coconut, olive or baby oil to gently massage and dislodge some of the flakes on your newborn’s scalp. Wash away afterwards with a gentle shampoo.

Heat rash

Heat rashes are developed when sweat gets trapped under the skin, triggered by blocked sweat glands. These rashes have the following symptoms:

  • Small, red, or clear fluid-filled bumps, usually on the neck, chest, and back.
  • Itching, or prickly sensation.
  • Skin feels warm to the touch.
heat rash newborns.
Heat rashes are more common among newborns that reside in tropical, and humid climate.

Eczema

Although eczema is commonly associated with genetics, it can be triggered by irritants or allergens. Eczema usually has symptoms, such as:

  • Itchy, red patches, especially on the cheeks, arms, and legs.
  • Dry, cracked skin that may ooze, or crust.
  • Bumps or blisters that may burst, or crust over.

Erythema toxicum rash

Similar to baby acne, erythema toxicum rashes often appear within the first few days post-birth. The symptoms include:

  • Red blotches with small white, or yellowish bumps in the centre.
  • Commonly found on the face, chest, and limbs.
  • Does not cause itching, or discomfort.

Milia

Milia are tiny white, or yellowish bumps that usually develop on a newborn’s face, particularly around the nose, cheeks, and chin. They are typically caused by trapped keratin under the skin surface, and may show these symptoms:

  • Small, white, or yellowish bumps with less than 2mm in size.
  • Often found on the face, but can occur anywhere.
  • No redness, itching, or pain.
  • The skin around the bumps appears normal.

As the glands on your newborn’s skin will open up in the coming days and weeks, the milia will disappear. No treatment is required.

Hives

Meanwhile, hives in newborns are often a result of an allergic reaction, which can be triggered by a multitude of reasons. They can be distinguished by looking for the following symptoms:

  • Raised, bumpy welts of various shapes, and sizes.
  • Red, or skin-coloured welts that may change shape, and move around the body.
  • Itching.
  • Swelling, especially around the eyes, lips, and cheeks.
  • Welts may appear suddenly, disappear, and reappear over several hours, or days.

Transient neonatal pustular melanosis

Newborns with darker skin tones are likely to be experiencing transient neonatal pustular melanosis if they exhibit the symptoms below:

  • Small pustules filled with clear fluid, typically developing on the face, neck, back, and limbs.
  • Once these pustules rupture, they leave behind dark spots with a surrounding white scale.
  • The hyperpigmented spots may last for a couple of weeks to months.
  • Does not cause itching, pain, or discomfort.

When should I be worried about my newborn’s rash?

Generally, newborn rashes are normal and will resolve on their own. However, your little one’s rash may require medical attention if you observe the following signs and symptoms:

  • Spreading or worsening rashes
  • Blisters or pus
  • Rashes accompanied by high fever
  • Irritability or unexplained crying
  • Signs of swelling or change in colour
  • Rashes that do not improve
  • Difficulty breathing
what is hives
Hives are often triggered by allergens, or irritants that come, and go for several hours, or days.

How are newborn rash diagnosed in Singapore?

Unfortunately, newborn rashes are typically diagnosed through a physical examination by a qualified dermatologist, with a thorough assessment of the newborn’s medical history.

  • Physical examination: during a physical examination, our experienced dermatologist will examine the colour, size, texture, and presence of the rashes.
  • Medical history: by obtaining a comprehensive understanding of the newborns’ medical history, our dermatologist will be able to determine the potential causes of the rashes.
  • Skin swabs: although rare, our dermatologist may insist on a skin swab to determine, or rule out infections.

To help with the diagnostic process, it is advisable for parents to be mindful of:

  • When did the rashes start?
  • Where are the rashes located on the body?
  • Have the rashes spread elsewhere?
  • Do the rashes worsen when exposed to sunlight, changes in temperature, or during bathing?
  • What are some of the common allergens, and irritants that the newborn is exposed to?
  • What type of soaps, and detergents are used at home?
  • Is the newborn taking any medications, or antibiotics?
  • Does the newborn have a family history of eczema, allergies, asthma, or skin conditions?

How are newborn rash treated in Singapore?

Once our dermatologist has come to a conclusive diagnosis, they will recommend a treatment plan to effectively manage the rashes. Intervention may be recommended to prevent the rashes from exacerbating, or reduce discomfort.

Some of the common treatment measures are:

  • Baby acne, and milia: typically, do not require treatment, and will clear up naturally.
  • Diaper rash: on top of applying zinc oxide directly on the affected areas, it is important to keep the area dry by frequently changing the diapers – ideally every two hours.
  • Cradle cap: gentle washing with a mild shampoo, and soft brushing.
  • Heat rash: dressing the newborn in loose, breathable clothing, and keeping the skin cool through sponging, or regular wiping.
  • Eczema: while applying moisturisers in the affected areas is often enough, severe cases may require topical steroids.
  • Hives: avoiding known allergens, and applying cool compresses to reduce itchiness, and swelling. However, in severe cases, our dermatologists may prescribe antihistamines.
  • Erythema toxicum, and transient neonatal pustular melanosis: usually resolve on their own without treatment.
Most newborn rashes clear up naturally without treatment, however in severe cases, a dermatologist may recommend applying moisturiser or topical steroids to manage the rashes.

At Livingstone Dermatology, we understand, and empathise with new parents who are anxious, and concerned about their newborns’ health and well-being. No issue is too small, and it’s always best to get professional opinion for your baby’s health and your peace of mind. Book a consultation for a detailed assessment and personalised treatment plan.

Frequently Asked Questions

How common are newborn rashes?

Newborn rashes are extremely common, affecting most newborns at some point during the first few weeks, or months of life. As a newborn’s skin is still adjusting to the outside environment, it is more sensitive, and prone to rashes.

While some newborn rashes are unavoidable due to the newborn’s sensitive skin, and adapting immune system, parents can minimise their occurrence by practicing good skincare, and hygiene. This includes using gentle, and fragrance-free products, avoiding overdressing the newborn to prevent sweating, keeping the skin moisturised, and regularly changing wet diapers.
However, rashes that are hormone-induced, such as erythema toxicum rash, are not preventable.

Newborn rashes are typically temporary, and may come and go. On the other hand, birthmarks are usually present at birth, or appear shortly after birth, and are more permanent.
Rashes can appear as red, raised, or inflamed spots, and are often caused by irritation, allergies, or infections. In contrast, birthmarks, such as port-wine stains, and hemangiomas, are areas of skin discolouration that are usually harmless. Additionally, they do not change much in appearance over time.

The duration of newborn rashes can vary depending on their type. While most newborn rashes clear up within a couple of weeks, some may last for several months.

Most newborn rashes are benign, and self-limiting. However, if a rash is associated with other symptoms such as fever, fussiness, poor feeding or latching, appears infected (oozing with pus), it may indicate a more serious condition.
In the event parents notice these symptoms, then we encourage you to seek medical attention immediately.

Some of the warning signs that parents should take note of are:

  • A rash that spreads rapidly, or looks like bruising.
  • Rashes that are accompanied by a high fever (above 38C).
  • Swelling, blisters, or pus.
  • The baby is excessively fussy, lethargic, or refuses to eat.
  • Difficulty breathing.
  • Signs of an allergic reaction, such as face swelling.

If any of these symptoms are present, then do seek medical help immediately.

Yes, there are. Some of the home remedies that parents may try to practice include, but are not limited to:

  • Applying zinc oxide cream on irritated areas to prevent, and soothe the skin.
  • Choosing fragrance-free moisturiser, and wipes.
  • Dressing your newborn in light clothing to prevent heat rashes.
  • Gently bathe your newborn with warm water, and mild, fragrance-free soap.

Ready to take the first step towards understanding and managing newborn rash?

Schedule a consultation with Livingstone Dermatology today.

Comprehensive Care for Paediatric Allergies: Identifying Triggers and Finding Relief

Livingstone Dermatology provides the diagnosis and treatment of skin and food allergies in paediatric patients. Our clinic offers expert care to help parents and guardians identify allergens and manage symptoms effectively in children.

Understanding Paediatric Skin and Food Allergies

Skin Allergies (Atopic Dermatitis):

Atopic dermatitis, commonly known as eczema, is a chronic skin condition in children characterized by dry, itchy, and inflamed skin. It often appears in early childhood and can persist into adulthood.

Common Food Allergies:

Common food allergies in children include:

  • Peanuts and Tree Nuts
  • Milk and Dairy Products
  • Eggs
  • Wheat
  • Soy
  • Fish and Shellfish

Diagnosis and Treatment

We perform thorough evaluations, which may include skin testing or blood tests, to accurately diagnose skin and food allergies in children. Treatment options may include:

Avoidance of Allergens: Identifying and avoiding the specific allergen is crucial in preventing further reactions.

Topical Treatments: Over-the-counter or prescription creams and ointments can help alleviate itching and reduce inflammation for skin allergies.

Oral Antihistamines: These medications can help relieve itching and other allergy symptoms.

Emollients (Moisturizers): Keeping the skin well-hydrated is important in managing atopic dermatitis.

Elimination Diets: In cases of food allergies, a pediatrician or allergist may recommend eliminating specific foods from the child’s diet.

Preventing Future Reactions

Our clinic provides comprehensive education to parents and guardians on preventive measures, including proper skincare routines, recommendations for hypoallergenic products, and guidance on managing a child’s diet.

Your Partner in Paediatric Allergy Care

At Livingstone Dermatology, we understand the impact skin and food allergies can have on the lives of children and their families. Our experienced team is dedicated to providing expert care and support, helping you find relief and improve the quality of life for your child.

Ready to take the first step towards
paediatric allergy relief?

Schedule a consultation with Livingstone Dermatology today.

Comprehensive Care for Paediatric Skin Infections: Prompt Diagnosis and Effective Treatment

Livingstone Dermatology specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of skin infections in paediatric patients. Our clinic offers expert care to ensure prompt diagnosis, accurate treatment, and effective management for optimal outcomes.

Common Types of Skin Infections in Children

Bacterial Infections:

  • Impetigo: A highly contagious bacterial infection characterized by red sores that quickly rupture and develop a honey-colored crust.
  • Cellulitis: A bacterial skin infection that causes redness, swelling, and tenderness of the skin, often spreading rapidly.

Fungal Infections:

  • Ringworm (Tinea): A fungal infection characterized by a red, circular rash with a clear center, resembling a ring.
  • Yeast Infections (Candidiasis): Common in warm, moist areas, this infection can lead to red, itchy, and sometimes painful rashes.

Viral Infections:

  • Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV): HSV can cause painful cold sores or genital sores, characterized by fluid-filled blisters.
  • Molluscum Contagiosum: This viral infection leads to small, painless bumps on the skin.

Parasitic Infections:

  • Scabies: Caused by tiny mites, scabies leads to intense itching and a pimple-like rash.

Diagnosis and Treatment

Our dermatologist performs thorough evaluations, which may include visual examination, skin swabs, or biopsies, to accurately diagnose the type and cause of the skin infection. Treatment options may include:

  1. Topical Treatments: Antifungal, antibacterial, or antiviral creams or ointments can be effective for mild infections.
  2. Oral Medications: In more severe cases, oral antibiotics, antifungal, or antiviral medications may be prescribed.
  3. Lifestyle and Hygiene Recommendations: Our dermatologists offer guidance on proper hygiene practices to prevent reinfection and transmission.
  4. Environmental Measures: For certain infections, cleaning and disinfecting the environment can aid in preventing recurrence.

Preventing Future Infections

Our clinic provides comprehensive education on preventive measures, including proper hygiene, avoiding contact with infected individuals, and maintaining a clean environment.

Your Partner in Paediatric Skin Infection Care

At Livingstone Dermatology, we understand the discomfort and concern that skin infections can cause in children. Our experienced team is dedicated to providing expert care and support, helping you find relief and regain control over your child’s skin health.

Ready to take the first step towards skin infection diagnosis and treatment for your child?

Schedule a consultation with Livingstone Dermatology today.

Birthmarks are common distinct marks that can appear anywhere on the body, often present at or after birth.

What are birthmarks?

Birthmarks are coloured spots on the skin that are typically present at birth or develop shortly afterward. These skin markings can range in colour, size, and shape. Some birthmarks are subtle; others may be more noticeable and distinct. Although most birthmarks are harmless, understanding their characteristics can help determine if a birthmark requires closer attention from a licensed and qualified dermatologist.

What causes birthmarks?

Birthmarks are caused by an excess of cells [1] or blood vessels in the skin. They appear when certain pigments or cells cluster in specific areas, giving the skin a distinct colour or texture. There are two main types of birthmarks, which are:

  • Vascular birthmarks: birthmarks that are formed due to abnormal blood vessels.
  • Pigmented birthmarks: birthmarks that are formed due to an excess of pigment cells in the skin.


Although the exact causes why these clusters of cells are formed are unknown, it is widely believed that genetics [2] and certain prenatal factors do play a role.

Birthmarks are categorised based on how they are formed.

Types of birthmarks

Vascular birthmarks are often red, pink, or purple in colour, with the following characteristics:

  • Cavernous hemangiomas – cavernous hemangiomas are larger, deeper, and can have a bluish colour due to the blood vessels located beneath the skin’s surface. They are generally soft to touch and may shrink as a child grows.
  • Strawberry hemangiomas – strawberry hemangiomas, or commonly known as infantile hemangiomas, are typically raised red and often have a bumpy appearance. They usually appear soon after birth and can grow rapidly in the first few months before gradually fading over time.
  • Salmon patches – salmon patches, also known as stork bites or angel kisses, are flat and pink in appearance and are often located on the forehead, eyelids, or back of the neck. Similar to cavernous hemangiomas, they often fade as a child grows.
  • Port-wine stain – port-wine stain birthmarks are flat and pink, red, or purple in colour. Unlike other vascular birthmarks, port-wine stains do not fade over time. They are caused by an abnormal capillary network under the skin.

Meanwhile, pigmented birthmarks are the result of excess pigment cells, giving the skin darker patches or spots, such as:

  • Congenital nevi – congenital nevi are large moles present at birth and may vary in colour and size. Due to these characteristics, congenital nevi have a slightly higher risk of developing into melanoma [3].
  • Dermal melanocytosis – dermal melanocytosis, also known as Mongolian spots, are blue or grey patches that are often seen in people with darker skin tones. They are usually located on the lower back or buttocks. However, they tend to fade as the child gets older.
  • Pigmented nevi – pigmented nevi, or better known as moles, are brown or black in colour. They can either appear flat or raised, depending on how these abnormal clusters of cells are formed, and can develop anywhere on the body.
    • Café-au-lait spots – café-au-lait spots are light brown flat spots that appear on the skin. Due to their colour, they look similar to coffee with milk, hence the name. While one or two spots are generally harmless, multiple spots may be indicative of certain genetic conditions.

When should I be worried about a birthmark?

Although most birthmarks are harmless, and pose no medical concern, some may require closer observation as they can occasionally signal underlying health issues, such as skin cancer. In fact, some of the signs that warrant medical advice from a licensed dermatologist include:

  • Irregular Borders — edges that appear uneven, blurred, or asymmetrical.

  • Colour Changes — a birthmark that darkens, becomes multi-coloured, or appears red, and inflamed.

  • Itching or Pain a birthmark that becomes itchy, tender, or painful to touch.

  • Rapid Growth — a birthmark that suddenly grows in size, or changes shape.

  • Texture Alterations — development of lumps, crusting, bleeding, or ulceration on the birthmark.

It is important to note that certain birthmarks, such as large congenital melanocytic naevi, may carry a slightly higher risk of melanoma, which is a type of skin cancer. While the risk is still relatively low, it is crucial to monitor these birthmarks regularly. Additionally, pigmented birthmarks that appear uneven in colour, or texture can sometimes mimic melanoma. Should you have any concerns, please consult a doctor for peace of mind. 

Vascular birthmarks, like port-wine stains, on the other hand, are generally non-cancerous but should still be assessed for complications, particularly if they involve sensitive areas like the eyes.

Can birthmarks be removed?

While many birthmarks are harmless and do not require treatment, some people choose to reduce or remove them due to cosmetic reasons or health concerns. The treatment options vary depending on the type, size, and location of the birthmark.

Generally, birthmarks are often treated with topical treatments or dermatological procedures.

Topical treatments for birthmarks

  • Lightening creams – Certain creams may help lighten pigmented birthmarks. But these treatments are more effective for smaller or lighter-coloured spots.
  • Steroid creams – Steroid creams can help reduce the size and colour of hemangiomas. However, the results may vary depending on how your skin responds to the steroid creams.

Dermatological procedures for birthmarks

  • Cryotherapy – Cryotherapy is performed by freezing the birthmark with liquid nitrogen. Although it does help in reducing its size or prominence, this treatment is often used for small and raised pigmented spots.
  • Laser therapy – Laser treatments, especially pulse-dye lasers, can effectively reduce or remove vascular birthmarks, such as port-wine stains and hemangiomas. It works by targeting blood vessels beneath the skin, thereby reducing redness over multiple sessions.
  • Surgical removal – Larger or raised birthmarks, such as congenital nevi, may be surgically removed if there are health risks or for aesthetic reasons.
Laser therapy is one of the most common ways to remove or reduce the appearance of birthmarks.

Summary

Most birthmarks are typically present at birth or appear shortly afterward and are not influenced by lifestyle or environmental factors.

However, it is important to note that monitoring your birthmarks and protecting your skin from excessive sun exposure can help reduce the risk of complications. In fact, if you notice any changes in your birthmarks, it is highly encouraged to have them examined by a licensed and qualified dermatologist.

At Livingstone Dermatology, we strive to offer top-quality services while prioritising our clients’ comfort. Get in touch with us today to schedule an appointment and have access to a personalised treatment plan to achieve your hair and skin goals.

Frequently Asked Questions

How common are birthmarks?

Birthmarks are quite common, with approximately 1 in 10 babies born with some type of birthmark.

Yes, it is possible. While true birthmarks are present from birth, similar spots, such as moles or other pigmented marks, can develop later in life. This is especially true if you are frequently exposed to excessive UV rays.

Most birthmarks are harmless. However, larger or atypical birthmarks may carry a small risk of complications, such as ulceration or bleeding, especially if they are located in high-friction areas.

The risk of birthmarks becoming cancerous is generally low. Be that as it may, congenital nevi and certain large, pigmented birthmarks may have a slightly higher chance of becoming cancerous. In such instances, routine monitoring by a dermatologist is often recommended to guarantee timely intervention and a more positive post-treatment outcome.

Side effects can vary depending on the treatment option. While these side effects range from mild redness to swelling to scarring, it is highly rare. During a pre-treatment consultation, our dermatologist will inform you of any potential side effects and expected outcomes to ensure you are well informed.

Birthmarks are often present at or shortly after birth. On the other hand, keloid scats are raised bumps that are formed after skin injury, while moles are dark spots that can appear at any age.

If you are uncertain about the beauty marks on your skin or would like to have it thoroughly examined, then we strongly encourage you to book a consultation with our dermatologist.

Some of the symptoms that you should pay attention to include:

  • Bleeding
  • Changes in appearance such as colour, size, and shape
  • Itching
  • Pain

References

  1. Felman, A. (2019). Birthmarks: Causes, types, and treatments. In www.medicalnewstoday.com. https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/174886
  2. Mahajan, P., Bergstrom, K. L., Phung, T. L., & Metry, D. W. (2022). The genetics of vascular birthmarks. In Clinics in Dermatology (Vol. 40, Issue 4, pp. 313–321). Elsevier BV. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clindermatol.2022.02.006
  3. Belysheva, T. S., Vishnevskaya, Y. V., Nasedkina, T. V., Emelyanova, M. A., Abramov, I. S., Orlova, K. V., Lubchenko, L. N., Utyashev, I. A., Doroshenko, M. B., Demidov, L. V., & Aliev, M. D. (2019). Melanoma arising in a Giant congenital melanocytic nevus: two case reports. In Diagnostic Pathology (Vol. 14, Issue 1). Springer Science and Business Media LLC. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13000-019-0797-1

Ready to take the first step towards understanding and managing birthmarks in your child?

Schedule a consultation with Livingstone Dermatology today.

Expert Care for Pediatric Eczema: Finding Relief for Young Skin

Livingstone Dermatology specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of eczema in pediatric patients. Our experienced dermatologist offers expert care to help parents and guardians understand and manage this common skin condition in children.

Understanding Pediatric Eczema

Pediatric eczema, also known as atopic dermatitis, is a chronic skin condition that causes dry, itchy, and inflamed patches on the skin. It often appears in early childhood and can persist into adulthood.

Common Triggers and Causes

Eczema can be triggered or exacerbated by a variety of factors, including:

  1. Genetics: Eczema often runs in families, indicating a genetic predisposition.
  2. Environmental Allergens: Allergens like dust mites, pollen, or pet dander can contribute to flare-ups.
  3. Irritants: Harsh soaps, detergents, or fabrics can irritate sensitive skin.
  4. Weather Changes: Dry or humid conditions can impact skin hydration.
  5. Stress: Emotional stress can trigger or worsen eczema symptoms.

Treatment Options for Pediatric Eczema

  1. Emollients (Moisturizers): Regular application of fragrance-free, hypoallergenic moisturizers is crucial in managing eczema.
  2. Topical Corticosteroids: These anti-inflammatory creams or ointments are used to reduce redness and itching during flare-ups.
  3. Topical Calcineurin Inhibitors: These ointments can help control inflammation and are suitable for sensitive areas.
  4. Antihistamines: Oral antihistamines may be prescribed to help alleviate itching and improve sleep.
  5. Wet Wrap Therapy: This involves applying moisturizer and wet bandages to the affected areas to increase hydration.
  6. Identifying and Avoiding Triggers: Our dermatologists work with parents and guardians to identify and minimize exposure to triggers.

Education and Support for Parents

Our dermatologist provides comprehensive education on managing pediatric eczema, including proper skincare routines and advice on creating a comfortable environment for children with sensitive skin.

Your Partner in Pediatric Eczema Care

At Livingstone Dermatology, we understand the impact eczema can have on the daily lives of children and their families. Our experienced dermatologist is dedicated to providing expert care and support, helping you find relief and improve the quality of life for your child.

Ready to take the first step towards managing
pediatric eczema?

Schedule a consultation with Livingstone Dermatology today.

Expert Care for Paediatric Hair and Nail Conditions: Promoting Healthy Growth

Livingstone Dermatology specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of hair and nail disorders in paediatric patients. Our experienced dermatologist offers expert care to help parents and guardians understand and manage these common conditions in children.

Common Hair Disorders

Alopecia Areata

This autoimmune condition leads to hair loss in small, round patches on the scalp or other areas of the body.

Tinea Capitis (Scalp Ringworm)

This fungal infection can cause hair loss and is characterized by scaly, itchy patches on the scalp.

Trichotillomania

This is a compulsive behavior where a child pulls out their own hair, often resulting in noticeable patches of hair loss.

Common Nail Disorders

Onychomycosis (Nail Fungus)

This fungal infection can lead to changes in nail color, texture, and shape.

Ingrown Nails

When the edge of a nail grows into the surrounding skin, it can cause pain, redness, and swelling.

Nail Psoriasis

Psoriasis can affect the nails, causing changes in color, texture, and shape.

Treatment Options for Hair and Nail Disorders

  1. Topical Treatments: Antifungal creams or ointments may be prescribed for nail fungal infections.
  2. Oral Medications: In some cases, oral antifungal medications may be recommended for severe nail fungus.
  3. Corticosteroid Creams: These may be used to treat conditions like alopecia areata.
  4. Behavioral Therapy: For trichotillomania, behavioral interventions can be effective in reducing hair-pulling behavior.
  5. Surgical Interventions: In cases of severe ingrown nails, a minor surgical procedure may be required.

Education and Support for Parents

Our dermatology clinic provides comprehensive education on managing hair and nail disorders in paediatric patients, including proper grooming practices and advice on creating a healthy environment for growing hair and nails.

Your Partner in Paediatric Hair and Nail Care

At Livingstone Dermatology, we understand the impact hair and nail disorders can have on the well-being of children and their families. Our clinic is dedicated to providing expert care and support, helping you promote healthy hair and nail growth in your child.

Ready to take the first step towards managing hair and nail conditions in paediatrics?

Schedule a consultation with Livingstone Dermatology today.

It is normal for parents to be concerned about newborn rashes. However, many of these rashes are harmless and improve on their own.

These skin conditions can appear within the first weeks of life, and can last anywhere between several weeks to months, depending on the diagnosis. It is important to understand these common skin conditions and how to effectively treat and manage them.

What are newborn rashes?

Newborn rashes are skin changes that appear on a baby’s delicate skin. These can manifest as red patches, bumps, or dry areas, appearing suddenly after a few days following the baby’s birth, or gradually over time.

Newborn rashes can occur on various parts of the body, including:

  • Armpits
  • Back
  • Cheeks
  • Chest
  • Diaper area
  • Face
  • Forehead
  • Folds, like the neck, behind the elbows, and knees
  • Scalp

Types of newborn rashes

When it comes to newborn rashes, each rash varies in appearance, cause, and treatments. Some of the common types of newborn rashes include:

  • Baby acne: baby acne often appears as small red, or white bumps on the cheeks, chin, and forehead. These bumps typically clear up on their own within a few weeks.
  • Diaper rash: diaper rashes are red, inflamed skin on the diaper area that are occasionally accompanied by small bumps, or peeling skin. It is often due to excess moisture, friction, or certain irritants or allergens.
  • Cradle cap: cradle caps are yellowish, greasy, and scaly patches that occur on the scalp. Although they usually resolve without treatment, provided it is managed with gentle cleansing.
  • Heat rash: heat rashes are tiny red bumps that form on the neck, back, or folds of the skin due to blocked sweat glands.
  • Eczema: eczemas are dry, and itchy patches that can appear on the face, arms, and legs. However, it is more common among newborns with a family history of allergies, or asthma.
  • Erythema toxicum rash: erythema toxicum rashes are the most common yet harmless newborn rash, characterised by red blotches that may have a white, or yellow centre. These rashes often resolve naturally without treatment.
  • Milia: milia are small white bumps that are often developed on the nose, cheeks, or chin. They are caused by trapped skin flakes, and usually clear up within a few weeks.
  • Hives: hives are raised, itchy welts that can appear anywhere on the body due to an allergic reaction, or infection.
  • Transient neonatal pustular melanosis: transient neonatal pustular melanosis are pustules that burst, and leave dark spots, primarily seen in babies with darker skin tones. However, they often resolve on their own without treatment.
Cradle cap is a common type of newborn rash that occurs when the newborn’s sebaceous gland produces too much oil.

What causes newborn rash?

Newborn rashes can be triggered by a multitude of factors, often relating to a baby’s sensitive skin, and developing immune system. While many rashes are harmless, and resolve on their own, understanding the potential causes can help parents manage, and prevent flare-ups. Additionally, it also aids parents in determining when these rashes warrant a medical examination.

Some of the potential causes of newborn rashes are:

  • Genetic predisposition: certain skin conditions like eczema may have a genetic component. Babies with a family history of eczema, asthma, or allergies are more prone to developing atopic dermatitis.
  • Hormonal changes: babies can develop rashes due to hormonal fluctuations after birth. For example, baby acne is believed to be caused by maternal hormones passed to the baby during pregnancy, leading to temporary overstimulation of the baby’s sebaceous glands.
  • Immature skin barrier: newborn skin is delicate, and not fully developed, making it prone to infection, and inflammation. The skin barrier is thinner compared to adults, thereby allowing irritants (such as harsh detergents, and soaps), bacteria, and allergens to penetrate more easily. This subsequently leads to rashes.
  • Overactive immune response: a newborn’s immune system is still adjusting to the external environment. As a result, the immune system may overreact to harmless substance, resulting in rashes such as hives, and erythema toxicum.
  • Microbial infections: newborns have an underdeveloped mircrobiome, making them more susceptible to infection-induced rashes, such as cradle cap, diaper rash, and transient neonatal pustular melanosis.
  • Heat, and friction: newborns can easily become overheated due to their underdeveloped, or blocked sweat glands, leading to heat rash. In fact, areas where skin rubs against skin, such as the neck, or armpits, are more prone to irritation, and rashes.

What are the symptoms of newborn rash?

The symptoms of newborn rashes vary depending on the type, with the high possibility of overlapping. Below are some of the common symptoms that parents should be mindful of:

Baby acne

Baby acne usually develops within the first few weeks after birth, while exhibiting the following symptoms:

  • Red, and white raised bumps on the cheeks, forehead, or nose.
  • Mild redness around the bumps.
  • No itching, or pain associated with the bumps.

Diaper rash

Diaper rashes are fairly common, and exhibit the following symptoms:

  • Red, inflamed patches on the buttocks, thighs, and genital area.
  • Dry, scaly, or shiny appearance.
  • Raised red bumps, or blisters (severe cases).
  • Discomfort, especially during diaper changes, or delayed diaper changes.

Tip: To avoid diaper rashes, allow the diaper to breathe as much as possible and change the diapers promptly once they’re wet. After cleansing the affected area with a warm cloth, apply a zinc oxide cream to protect the skin and has mild antiseptic and anti-inflammatory effects.

Cradle cap

Cradle cap is a non-contagious skin condition that is linked to an overproduction of oil in your baby’s scalp. A newborn is most likely to have cradle cap if she or he has the symptoms below:

  • Yellowish, greasy scales, or crusts on the scalp.
  • Flaky patches that may extend to the ears, eyebrows, or nose.
  • Does not cause discomfort, or itchiness.

Tip: Use coconut, olive or baby oil to gently massage and dislodge some of the flakes on your newborn’s scalp. Wash away afterwards with a gentle shampoo.

Heat rash

Heat rashes are developed when sweat gets trapped under the skin, triggered by blocked sweat glands. These rashes have the following symptoms:

  • Small, red, or clear fluid-filled bumps, usually on the neck, chest, and back.
  • Itching, or prickly sensation.
  • Skin feels warm to the touch.
heat rash newborns.
Heat rashes are more common among newborns that reside in tropical, and humid climate.

Eczema

Although eczema is commonly associated with genetics, it can be triggered by irritants or allergens. Eczema usually has symptoms, such as:

  • Itchy, red patches, especially on the cheeks, arms, and legs.
  • Dry, cracked skin that may ooze, or crust.
  • Bumps or blisters that may burst, or crust over.

Erythema toxicum rash

Similar to baby acne, erythema toxicum rashes often appear within the first few days post-birth. The symptoms include:

  • Red blotches with small white, or yellowish bumps in the centre.
  • Commonly found on the face, chest, and limbs.
  • Does not cause itching, or discomfort.

Milia

Milia are tiny white, or yellowish bumps that usually develop on a newborn’s face, particularly around the nose, cheeks, and chin. They are typically caused by trapped keratin under the skin surface, and may show these symptoms:

  • Small, white, or yellowish bumps with less than 2mm in size.
  • Often found on the face, but can occur anywhere.
  • No redness, itching, or pain.
  • The skin around the bumps appears normal.

As the glands on your newborn’s skin will open up in the coming days and weeks, the milia will disappear. No treatment is required.

Hives

Meanwhile, hives in newborns are often a result of an allergic reaction, which can be triggered by a multitude of reasons. They can be distinguished by looking for the following symptoms:

  • Raised, bumpy welts of various shapes, and sizes.
  • Red, or skin-coloured welts that may change shape, and move around the body.
  • Itching.
  • Swelling, especially around the eyes, lips, and cheeks.
  • Welts may appear suddenly, disappear, and reappear over several hours, or days.

Transient neonatal pustular melanosis

Newborns with darker skin tones are likely to be experiencing transient neonatal pustular melanosis if they exhibit the symptoms below:

  • Small pustules filled with clear fluid, typically developing on the face, neck, back, and limbs.
  • Once these pustules rupture, they leave behind dark spots with a surrounding white scale.
  • The hyperpigmented spots may last for a couple of weeks to months.
  • Does not cause itching, pain, or discomfort.

When should I be worried about my newborn’s rash?

Generally, newborn rashes are normal and will resolve on their own. However, your little one’s rash may require medical attention if you observe the following signs and symptoms:

  • Spreading or worsening rashes
  • Blisters or pus
  • Rashes accompanied by high fever
  • Irritability or unexplained crying
  • Signs of swelling or change in colour
  • Rashes that do not improve
  • Difficulty breathing
what is hives
Hives are often triggered by allergens, or irritants that come, and go for several hours, or days.

How are newborn rash diagnosed in Singapore?

Unfortunately, newborn rashes are typically diagnosed through a physical examination by a qualified dermatologist, with a thorough assessment of the newborn’s medical history.

  • Physical examination: during a physical examination, our experienced dermatologist will examine the colour, size, texture, and presence of the rashes.
  • Medical history: by obtaining a comprehensive understanding of the newborns’ medical history, our dermatologist will be able to determine the potential causes of the rashes.
  • Skin swabs: although rare, our dermatologist may insist on a skin swab to determine, or rule out infections.

To help with the diagnostic process, it is advisable for parents to be mindful of:

  • When did the rashes start?
  • Where are the rashes located on the body?
  • Have the rashes spread elsewhere?
  • Do the rashes worsen when exposed to sunlight, changes in temperature, or during bathing?
  • What are some of the common allergens, and irritants that the newborn is exposed to?
  • What type of soaps, and detergents are used at home?
  • Is the newborn taking any medications, or antibiotics?
  • Does the newborn have a family history of eczema, allergies, asthma, or skin conditions?

How are newborn rash treated in Singapore?

Once our dermatologist has come to a conclusive diagnosis, they will recommend a treatment plan to effectively manage the rashes. Intervention may be recommended to prevent the rashes from exacerbating, or reduce discomfort.

Some of the common treatment measures are:

  • Baby acne, and milia: typically, do not require treatment, and will clear up naturally.
  • Diaper rash: on top of applying zinc oxide directly on the affected areas, it is important to keep the area dry by frequently changing the diapers – ideally every two hours.
  • Cradle cap: gentle washing with a mild shampoo, and soft brushing.
  • Heat rash: dressing the newborn in loose, breathable clothing, and keeping the skin cool through sponging, or regular wiping.
  • Eczema: while applying moisturisers in the affected areas is often enough, severe cases may require topical steroids.
  • Hives: avoiding known allergens, and applying cool compresses to reduce itchiness, and swelling. However, in severe cases, our dermatologists may prescribe antihistamines.
  • Erythema toxicum, and transient neonatal pustular melanosis: usually resolve on their own without treatment.
Most newborn rashes clear up naturally without treatment, however in severe cases, a dermatologist may recommend applying moisturiser or topical steroids to manage the rashes.

At Livingstone Dermatology, we understand, and empathise with new parents who are anxious, and concerned about their newborns’ health and well-being. No issue is too small, and it’s always best to get professional opinion for your baby’s health and your peace of mind. Book a consultation for a detailed assessment and personalised treatment plan.

Frequently Asked Questions

How common are newborn rashes?

Newborn rashes are extremely common, affecting most newborns at some point during the first few weeks, or months of life. As a newborn’s skin is still adjusting to the outside environment, it is more sensitive, and prone to rashes.

While some newborn rashes are unavoidable due to the newborn’s sensitive skin, and adapting immune system, parents can minimise their occurrence by practicing good skincare, and hygiene. This includes using gentle, and fragrance-free products, avoiding overdressing the newborn to prevent sweating, keeping the skin moisturised, and regularly changing wet diapers.
However, rashes that are hormone-induced, such as erythema toxicum rash, are not preventable.

Newborn rashes are typically temporary, and may come and go. On the other hand, birthmarks are usually present at birth, or appear shortly after birth, and are more permanent.
Rashes can appear as red, raised, or inflamed spots, and are often caused by irritation, allergies, or infections. In contrast, birthmarks, such as port-wine stains, and hemangiomas, are areas of skin discolouration that are usually harmless. Additionally, they do not change much in appearance over time.

The duration of newborn rashes can vary depending on their type. While most newborn rashes clear up within a couple of weeks, some may last for several months.

Most newborn rashes are benign, and self-limiting. However, if a rash is associated with other symptoms such as fever, fussiness, poor feeding or latching, appears infected (oozing with pus), it may indicate a more serious condition.
In the event parents notice these symptoms, then we encourage you to seek medical attention immediately.

Some of the warning signs that parents should take note of are:

  • A rash that spreads rapidly, or looks like bruising.
  • Rashes that are accompanied by a high fever (above 38C).
  • Swelling, blisters, or pus.
  • The baby is excessively fussy, lethargic, or refuses to eat.
  • Difficulty breathing.
  • Signs of an allergic reaction, such as face swelling.

If any of these symptoms are present, then do seek medical help immediately.

Yes, there are. Some of the home remedies that parents may try to practice include, but are not limited to:

  • Applying zinc oxide cream on irritated areas to prevent, and soothe the skin.
  • Choosing fragrance-free moisturiser, and wipes.
  • Dressing your newborn in light clothing to prevent heat rashes.
  • Gently bathe your newborn with warm water, and mild, fragrance-free soap.

Ready to take the first step towards understanding and managing newborn rash?

Schedule a consultation with Livingstone Dermatology today.

Comprehensive Care for Paediatric Allergies: Identifying Triggers and Finding Relief

Livingstone Dermatology provides the diagnosis and treatment of skin and food allergies in paediatric patients. Our clinic offers expert care to help parents and guardians identify allergens and manage symptoms effectively in children.

Understanding Paediatric Skin and Food Allergies

Skin Allergies (Atopic Dermatitis):

Atopic dermatitis, commonly known as eczema, is a chronic skin condition in children characterized by dry, itchy, and inflamed skin. It often appears in early childhood and can persist into adulthood.

Common Food Allergies:

Common food allergies in children include:

  • Peanuts and Tree Nuts
  • Milk and Dairy Products
  • Eggs
  • Wheat
  • Soy
  • Fish and Shellfish

Diagnosis and Treatment

We perform thorough evaluations, which may include skin testing or blood tests, to accurately diagnose skin and food allergies in children. Treatment options may include:

Avoidance of Allergens: Identifying and avoiding the specific allergen is crucial in preventing further reactions.

Topical Treatments: Over-the-counter or prescription creams and ointments can help alleviate itching and reduce inflammation for skin allergies.

Oral Antihistamines: These medications can help relieve itching and other allergy symptoms.

Emollients (Moisturizers): Keeping the skin well-hydrated is important in managing atopic dermatitis.

Elimination Diets: In cases of food allergies, a pediatrician or allergist may recommend eliminating specific foods from the child’s diet.

Preventing Future Reactions

Our clinic provides comprehensive education to parents and guardians on preventive measures, including proper skincare routines, recommendations for hypoallergenic products, and guidance on managing a child’s diet.

Your Partner in Paediatric Allergy Care

At Livingstone Dermatology, we understand the impact skin and food allergies can have on the lives of children and their families. Our experienced team is dedicated to providing expert care and support, helping you find relief and improve the quality of life for your child.

Ready to take the first step towards
paediatric allergy relief?

Schedule a consultation with Livingstone Dermatology today.

Comprehensive Care for Paediatric Skin Infections: Prompt Diagnosis and Effective Treatment

Livingstone Dermatology specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of skin infections in paediatric patients. Our clinic offers expert care to ensure prompt diagnosis, accurate treatment, and effective management for optimal outcomes.

Common Types of Skin Infections in Children

Bacterial Infections:

  • Impetigo: A highly contagious bacterial infection characterized by red sores that quickly rupture and develop a honey-colored crust.
  • Cellulitis: A bacterial skin infection that causes redness, swelling, and tenderness of the skin, often spreading rapidly.

Fungal Infections:

  • Ringworm (Tinea): A fungal infection characterized by a red, circular rash with a clear center, resembling a ring.
  • Yeast Infections (Candidiasis): Common in warm, moist areas, this infection can lead to red, itchy, and sometimes painful rashes.

Viral Infections:

  • Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV): HSV can cause painful cold sores or genital sores, characterized by fluid-filled blisters.
  • Molluscum Contagiosum: This viral infection leads to small, painless bumps on the skin.

Parasitic Infections:

  • Scabies: Caused by tiny mites, scabies leads to intense itching and a pimple-like rash.

Diagnosis and Treatment

Our dermatologist performs thorough evaluations, which may include visual examination, skin swabs, or biopsies, to accurately diagnose the type and cause of the skin infection. Treatment options may include:

  1. Topical Treatments: Antifungal, antibacterial, or antiviral creams or ointments can be effective for mild infections.
  2. Oral Medications: In more severe cases, oral antibiotics, antifungal, or antiviral medications may be prescribed.
  3. Lifestyle and Hygiene Recommendations: Our dermatologists offer guidance on proper hygiene practices to prevent reinfection and transmission.
  4. Environmental Measures: For certain infections, cleaning and disinfecting the environment can aid in preventing recurrence.

Preventing Future Infections

Our clinic provides comprehensive education on preventive measures, including proper hygiene, avoiding contact with infected individuals, and maintaining a clean environment.

Your Partner in Paediatric Skin Infection Care

At Livingstone Dermatology, we understand the discomfort and concern that skin infections can cause in children. Our experienced team is dedicated to providing expert care and support, helping you find relief and regain control over your child’s skin health.

Ready to take the first step towards skin infection diagnosis and treatment for your child?

Schedule a consultation with Livingstone Dermatology today.

Your Journey to Healthy Skin Starts Here

Whether you’re dealing with a specific skin concern or seeking to enhance your natural beauty, Livingstone Dermatology is here to guide you on your journey to healthy, radiant skin. 

Schedule an appointment today and experience the Livingstone standard of care in a welcoming, professional environment.